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332.

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

ENGLAND AND WALES.

THE GEOLOGY OF

THE OOUNTEY AROUND

BOGNOR

(Explanation of Sheet 332.)
BY

Clement Reid, F.L.S., F.G.S.

PDBLISHIiD Br OBDSB OF XHH LORDS COMIOSSIONERS OF HEB UAJXSTY'S IBEA30RT.

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1897.
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ANGLESEY t,— 77 N, 78.

BEDFOEDSHIRB,— 46 NW, NE, SWt, SEt, 62 NW, NE,

SW, SB.
BEEKSHIRE,— 7*, 8t, 12*, 13*, 34* 45 SW*.
SRECKNOCKSHIREt,— 36, 41, 42, 66 NW, SW, 67 NE, SB.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,— 7*, 13*, 46* NE, SE, 46 NW, SWt,

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67 SW, SE.
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SW.
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88 SW.
CORNWAXLt,— 24t, 26t, 26t, 29t, 30t, 31t, 32t, & 33t.
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106 SE, SW, NW, 107.
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80 SW.
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SE, 81, 82, 88 SW, SE.
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DORSETSHIRE,— 16, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21,

22, 56.
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GLOUCBSTBRSHIEBt,— 19, 34*, 86, 43, NE, SW, SE, 44*.
HAMPSHIRE,— 8t, 9t, 10*, lit, 12*, 14, 15, 16.
HERBFORDSHIRE,— 42 NE, SB, 43, 65, 66 NE, SE.
HERTFORDSHIRE,- It NW, 7», 46, 47*.
HUNTINGDON,— 61 NW, 62 NW, NE, SW, 64*, 65.
KENTt,— It SW & SB, 2t, 3t, 4* 6t.
LANCASHIRE,— 79 NE, 80 NW*, NE, 81 NW, 88 NW, SWt,

89, 90, 91, 92 SW, 98.

LEICESTERSHIRE,- 53 NE, 62 NB, 63*, 64*, 70*, 71 SB,

SW.
LINCOLNSHIRBt,— 64* 65* 69, 70*, 83*, 84*, 86* 86*.
MERIONETHSHIREt,— 59 NE, SE, 60 NW, 74, 75 HE,

SE.
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MONMOUTHSHIRE,— 35, 36, 42 SE, NE, 43 SW.
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110, NW* SW*, NB*, SE.
NOTTINGHAM,-70*, 71* NE, SE, NW, 82 NE*, SB* SW, 83

86, 87* SW. • '

OXFORDSHIRE,— 7*, 13* , 34* 44* 46*, 53 SB*, SW
PEMBROKESfllEEt,— 38, 39, 40, 41, 68.
RADNORSHIRE,— 42 NW, NE, 66, 60 SW, SB.
RUTLANDSHIRB,— this county is wholly included within

Sheet 64*.
SHEOPSHIRE,-66 NW, NE, 66 NB, 60 NB, SB, 61, 62 .NW,

73, 74 NB, SE. •

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STAFFORDSHIRE*,— 64 NW, 66 NE, 61 NE, SB, 62, 63 NW.

71 SW, 72, 73 NE, SB, 81 SE, SW.
SUFFOLK,— 47*, 48*, 49* 50*, 51*, 66* SB*, 67*
SURREY,— 1 SWt, 6t, 7* 8t, 12t.
SUSSEX,— 4* 6t, 6t, 8t, 9t, lit.
WARWICKSHIRE,— 44* 45 NW, 63*, 64, 62 NB SW SB

63 NW, SW, SE. ...

WESTMORLAND,- 97 NW* SW*, 98 NW, NE*, SE* 101
, SE*, 102.

WILTSHIRE,-12* 13*, 14, 16, 18, 19t, 34* and 35t.
WORCESTBESHlRE,-43 NE, 44*, 64, 65, 62 SW SB 61

SE.
YOEKSHIREt,-86-88, 91 NE, SE 92-97*, 98 NE* SB*, 102 NE

SE, 103 SW, SB, 104*.

332.

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

engla:nd a:n^d wales.

THE GEOLOGY OF

THE COUNTKY AROUND

BOGNOR.

(Explanation of Sheet 332.)

BY

Clement Reid, F.L.S., F.G.S.

PtJBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LOBDS COMMISSIONERS Ot HER MAJESTY'S IREAaURY.

LONDON:

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1897.

Price 6d.

Bi»7f?35

A-w^

(oA^P

Ill

PEEFACE.

The area comprised within the Map (Sheet 332) of which the
present pamphlet is explanatory, was originally surveyed by the
late H. W. Bristow, and was included in Sheet 9 of the Geological
Survey Map of England, published in the year 1864. In this
original mapping the superficial deposits were not represented.
During the general revision of the Geological Survey of the South
of England, the district here described has been re-examined by
Mr. Clement Reid, who in 1885 mapped it on the scale of six
inches to one mile, and traced the distribution of all its super-
ficial deposits. Two editions of the Map are issued, one showing
the areas occupied by the Cretaceous and Eocene strata (" Solid
Geology " edition), the other displaying the distribution of the
various surface-deposits by which nearly the whole district is
covered (" Drift " edition).

The present Explanation has been prepared by Mr. Reid. It is
intended only as a general guide to the use of the Map, until
a more detailed account of the whole surrounding region can be
issued.

The tract depicted on the Map embraces that part of the
Sussex coast-hne which projects in Selsey Bill and includes the
favourite seaside resorts of Bognor and Littlehampton. Owing
to the wide spread of the various alluvia, brick-earths, and gravels,
the older rocks are only seen here and there on the foreshore.
But the coast includes the typical development of the " Brackle-
sham Beds." Another feature of interest is to be found in the
occurrence of the erratic blocks on the Selsey promontory. A
brief account of these and other characteristics is given in the
following pages.

ARCH. GEIKIE,
Geological Survey Office, Director-General.

28, Jermyn Street,
London, S.W.

20th August, 1897.

362. Wt. 8164. 500—11/97. Wy. & S.

IV

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Preface by the Director General

iii

Introduction

1

Challi;

2

Reading Beds

2

London Clay

2

Lower Bagshot Beds

4

Bracklesham Beds ...

4

Pleistocene ...

9

Drainage Channels ...

11

Changes in the Coast

11

Economics and Water Supply

12

ILLUSTRATIONS.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

14.

Fossils of the Bognor Rock 3

Fig. 1. Voluta denudata, Sow.,

Vermetus bognoriensis, Mant.,

Pectunculus brevirostris, Sow.,

Pinna afiinis. Sow.,

Pholadomya margaritacea, Sow.,

. Panopeea intermedia, Sow.,

Palseophis Typhaeus, Owen,

Turritella irabricataria, Lam.,

Litharsea Websteri, Bow.,

Cardita planicosta. Lam.,

Nipa Burtini, Brong., I

Nummulites Isevigatus, Brug., /

Diagram-section to show the relation of the erratic blocks
to the floor of Bracklesham Beds

Section of the cliff and foreshore at Selsey Bill. ...

Fossils of the Bracklesham
Beds

9
10

THE GEOLOGY OF

THE COUNTRY AROUND
BOGNOE.

Introduction.

Sheet 332 of the Geological Survey Map takes in an area of 57
square miles in Sussex, including the coast from Selsey Bill east-
ward nearly to Worthing. The only towns in the district are
Bognor and Littlehampton, Chichester lying a mile beyond its
northern limits and Worthing about three miles to the east. For
the rest, the land is fertile and flat, no part of it rising more than
30 feet above the sea-level. It is much cut up by tidal estuaries,
none of which, however, with the exception of that of the Arun,
is the outlet for any considerable body of fresh water.

It would not be thought on viewing this region, so devoid of
salient features, that the geology could be anything but tame and
monotonous. Such, however, is not the case, for we are deaHng
with one of those exceptional areas where physical features and
underground structure are almost unconnected, and in which
beneath a surface perfectly level lie strata dipping at high angles
and thrown into sharp folds.

The formations represented on Sheet 332 are the following : —

C Blown Sand.
Recent ^ Shingle.
I Alluvium.
fBrickearth.

Jo

T31 • i. I Coombe Rock.

Pleistocene-^ Marine gravels and clays.
(.Erratic beds of Selsey.

(Braoklesham Beds.
Lower Bagshot Beds.
London Clay.
Reading Beds.
Cretaceous Upper Chalk.

As the whole of the area away from the coast is covered with
Drift, we are obliged to depend on information derived from well-
sinkings and casual excavations for tracing the limits of the
different formations. It is found on piecing together this infor-
mation that two marked anticlines traverse the country from east
to west. The axis of the one strikes the coast about Little-
hampton, then passes westward about two miles north of Bognor,
and dies out close to North Mundham. Another disturbance
commences near where this one dies out ; but like all the Tertiary
folds in the south of England it forms an independent anticline
arranged en echelon with the dying one, and not appearing in
exactly the same line.

The deposits in the neighbourhood of Bognor of especial interest
to geologists are three :-^he highly -fossiliferous sandstone in the

London Clay, known as the Bognor Rock ; the exceptionally fine
development of fossiliferous Bracklesham Beds on the foreshore
on each side of Selsey Bill ; and the fossiUferous Pleistocene strata
of Selsey, in which is intercalated a mass of erratic blocks
transported by floating ice.

Chalk.

Though two anticlines bring Chalk to the surface immediately
beneath the Drift over nearly half the area of the map, it is diffi-
cult to say to what zones this Chalk belongs, or whether zones
older than the Upper Chalk may not be exposed on the foreshore
towards Worthing. The well at Littlehampton Waterworks, the
site of which is near the axis of the Worthmg anticline, seems to
penetrate nearly to the base of the Chalk, though it is not easy
altogether to understand the details communicated by Mr. R. F.
Grantham. The section he gives is as follows : —

Feet.
r Brickeartli ... ... ... 7

[Drift, 19i] < Earth and sand... ... ... 5

[ Stiff clay and sand ... ... 7 J

Chalk, dyed yellow ... ... 5|

Pervious white chalk ... ... 17

TTT nv 11 /^^n J Hard white chalk ... ... 12

[Upper Chalk, 95^ -i jj^^^ ^j^j^^ ^j^^jj, ^^h a few flints. . . 5

I Hard white chalk wth many flints... 27

t Solid white challi, very hard, no flints 29

' Impervious clunch ... ... 8

Hard white chalk ... ...236

Clunch... ... ... ... 2

Blue chalk marl, very hard ... 6

{undescribed] ... ... ... 11

Soft chalk, light blue ... ... 35

Solid white chalk ... ... 61

t Impervious grey chalk ... ... 32

[Middle Chalk and
Lower Chalk, 391]

506
If the classification suggested in square brackets be approxi-
mately correct, we might expect to reach Chloritic Marl and
Upper Greensand within a few feet, for the combined thickness of
the flintless Lower and Middle Chalk in Sussex is usually about
400 feet. In the absence of specimens it is impossible, however,
to identify the different zones.

The only exposures of Chalk visible at the surface are seen on
the foreshore at extreme low- water east of Felpham, and on the
margin of the Chichester Channel near Dell Quay. In each
locality it is difficult to distinguish shattered Chalk from Coombe
Eock, and to collect fossils is almost impossible.

Reading Beds.

Red-mottled clays, lignite and sand of this age reach a thick-
ness of 100 feet, and have been proved in numerous wells ; but
thus far they have yielded no fossils.

London Clay.

A low cliff' at Bognor shows London Clay of a somewhat sandy
type, containing a bed of hard fossiliferous calcareous sandstone,

Fossils of the Bognor Roce.

Fig. 2. Vermetus

bognoriensis, Mant.

Fig. 1. Voluta

denudata, Smv.
{h natural size.)

Fig. 3. Pectunculus

brevirostris, Sow.
{i natural size.)

Fig. 4. Pinna affinis, So

Fig. 5. Pholadomya

margaritacea, Sow.

Fig. 6, PanopKa intermedia, Sow.

which forms a dangerous ledge running out to sea in an east-
south-easterly direction. This ledge is so conspicuous that one
is apt to forget that it is a mere subordinate rock-bed included
in a thickness of some 300 feet of London Clay, which in so flat
a district is not easy to examine. The Bognor Rocks have long
been celebrated for the fossils which the sandstone contains, the
shells being uncompressed, and, as one would expect, somewhat
different from those in the typical London Clay. Among the
more abundant may be mentioned Valuta denudata (Fig. 1),
Pinna afinia (Fig. 4), Pholadomya margaritacea (Fig. 6), Pec-
tunculus brevirostris (Fig. 3), P. decussatus, Cardita Brongniarti,
and Panopcea inter'media (Fig. 6). The flat-coiled annelid
Fermeiiw bognoriensis (Fig. 2) is also plentiful, both at Bognor
and in a thin rock-bed, apparently of about the same age, which
crosses Chichester Channel three-quarters of a mile north of
Birdham Church. Land animals are only represented by a single
mammal, freshwater species by a crocodile, plants by masses of
drift-wood bored by ship-worms. The fauna points to a tropical
or sub-tropical sea having extended over this area during Eocene
times.

Lower Bagshot Beds.
It has been found impossible separately to map this formation
in the Selsey Peninsula, yet there is little doubt that it is repre-
sented by a few feet of sand, the looseness of which has facilitated
the excavation of Pagham Harbour, under which they lie. The
outcrop of the deposit is entirely obscured by tidal mud or
superficial brickearth.

Bracklesham Beds.

The coast on each side of Selsey Bill, to anyone visiting it at
high water, will seem most uninteresting as far as the geology is
concerned. It must not be forgotten, therefore, that omy at low-
water spring-tides can the fossiliferous deposits be examined, and
that at neap-tides it is usually quite impossible either to study
the geology or to collect fossils. For about a week at the new-
moon and a week at full-moon the Bracklesham Beds can be
examined for some two or three hours in the morning and two or
three in the evening. As, however, low- water spring-tides occur
at about six o'clock, it is evident that the failing light makes it
useless to attempt much geology during the winter months. If
the coast is examined when the tide suit^, one sees laid bare
some of the finest exposures of fossiliferous strata visible in
England. The sea retreats a long distance, leaving a wide
expanse of Bracklesham Beds between low- water and mean-tide
level. No doubt beach sand often hides much of this foreshore,
but some of it is always visible when the tide is sufficiently low. '

It is a matter of extreme difficulty to estimate the thiclmess of
the Eocene strata of Selsey; for though the dip is certainly
southerly, no accurate measurements of the angle are obtainable,
and there is only one well-boring that throws any light on the
subject. As far as one can judge, a thickness of about 500 or
600 feet of Bracklesham Beds is represented in the Selsey
Peninsula, the upper part of the formation being missing.

The following account of the Bracklesham Beds is largely
condensed from the description by the Rev. Osmond Fisher, who
had exceptional opportunities of studying the strata during a
long residence in the neighbourhood.* To him and to Prestwich
we owe most of our knowledge of the succession of the strata,
while the very full list of fossils is mainly due to the skilful
collecting of F. E. Edwards, aided by Mr. Keeping. The list is
so long that it is impossible here to reproduce it. I have there-
fore thought it best to confine this account to the leading and
characteristic fossils, and to such as throw light on the physical
and climatic conditions under which the strata were deposited,
leaving the student who desires to follow up the subject to do so
with the aid of the monographs mentioned below.t

The Bracklesham Beds consist of numerous alternations of
greenish sand, calcareous sandstone, carbonaceous laminated
clays, and masses of shells. Most of the strata are fossiUferous,
and, being so clearly exposed in Bracklesham Bay, that locality
has given its name to the formation. The lowest part of the
series crops out under Pagham Harbour, where it is so hidden
by Alluvium that it is impossible properly to study it. On
examining the foreshore on the west side of the Bill one can
occasionally see certain carbonaceous beds which appear to
represent the base of the Bracklesham Series, though they may
belong to the slightly older Bagshot Sands. The sections are so
difficult of interpretation, and the relation of the different Eocene
deposits to each other is so obscure, that it will be advisable to
point out the nature of the evidence at West Wittering, in the
hope that further research may produce the fossils needed to
decide the age of the various strata.

North of Court's Farm the low cliff above Chichester Channel
shows weathered London Clay underlying Pleistocene brickearth ;
as to this determination there will probably be no dispute.
Continuing southward one does not meet with another section of
Eocene strata till the Coastguard Station at West Wittering is
reached. Here the low cliff' shows loamy sand with black flint

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xviii., p. 65 (1862) ; the part relating to
the Selsey Peninsula is also reprinted in Dixon's "Geology of Sussex,"
2nd edit., pp. 65-68 (1878).

t Reptilia. — " The Eeptilia of the London Clay [and Bracklesham Beds],"
by Owen and Bell. Palaeontographical Soc. "Catalogue of the Fossil
Eeptilia ... in the British Museum," by Lydekker.

Fishes. — " Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum," by
A. Smith Woodward.

Mollusca. — "The Eocene Mollusca," Edwards and Wood. Pal. Soc.
R. B. Newton, " Systematic List of the Frederick E. Edwards Collection of
British Oligocene and Eocene Mollusca in the British Museum (Natural
History)," 8vo (1891).

Crustacea.—'' The Malacostracous Crustacea," by Bell. Pal. Soc.

Echiiwderms. — " The Tertiary Echinodermata," by Edward Forbes. Pal.
Soc.

Corals, by Milne-Edwards and Haime, and Supp. by Duncan. Pal. Soc.

Eocene Flora, by Gardner and Ettingshausen. Pal. Soc.

Many Bracklesham species of all classes are figured or described in
Dixon's " Geology of Sussex," 4to, and in Lowry's " Figures of the Charac-
teristic British Tertiary Fossils" (Chart), 1866,

pebbles. This may be a pebble bed near the top of the London
Clay — such as is found in the Isle of Wight — but it may belong
to the Bagshot Sand, or even represent the pebbly base of the
Bracklesham Series : the evidence is still insufficient to decide.
Crossing next to the sea-coast, near the entrance to the harbour,
the wide platform of clay there seen ought, one would think, to
yield the needed evidence. It shows thin-bedded blackish and
blue clay, apparently resting on black and green sandy loam with
flint-pebbles, the sand containing also large quantities of Teredo-
bored drift-wood. This pebble-bed I am inclined to place at, or
near, the base of the Bracklesham Series, considering it to
correspond with the pebble-bed so well shown on that horizon
at Whitecliff Bay in the Isle of Wight. The bedded carbona-
ceous clays above also agree very closely at the two localities.

Following the coast to the south-east, the next exposure was
met with opposite West Wittering Beacon, where I found
abundance of drifted fruits of a Nipa palm in a sandy matrix.
These nuts are nearly as large as a cocoanut, and the species
(Nipa Burtini) (Fig. 11) corresponds with one found in beds of
Bracklesham age in other districts. A closely allied species
now living in tropical India and Malaya always flourishes in
tidal estuaries, into which it sheds its nuts until they form a
real hindrance to navigation. The fossil species must have
occupied similar stations, for their nuts are invariably found in
estuarine or marine strata, never in lacustrine deposits.

Continuing eastward along the shore one walks over blue and
green loam, unfossiliferous so far as the rare and small exposures
allow one to judge. Next, due south of Cakeham Manor House,
dwarf specimens of Gardita planicosta occur in the clay, followe"d
by carbonaceous clays and sands with lignite bored by Teredo,
beds of oysters, and a small sharp-ribbed Gardita. South-
south-east of East Wittering Coastguard Station is found a fine-
grained sandy glauconitic rock full of lignite bored by Teredo.
After this there is a gap of about half a mile, over which the
Bracklesham Series has always been hidden by beach-sand when
I examined the district.

Bracklesham Farm, where the principal fossiliferous exposures
commence, lies just beyond the western margin of Sheet 332,
but the rest of the strata come within our area. South of the Farm
one again meets with greenish clays, broken up and mixed with
flint-pebbles, like those seen at West Wittering, though on a
totally different horizon. Then follow greenish sands with the
large cowry Gyprcea tuberculosa, immediately on which rests a
mass of the large Gardita (Gyprina) planicosta (Fig. 10) with
the valves united, mixed with C. acuticosta. This " Cyprina or
Venericardia bed " is perhaps the most conspicuous sheU-bed in
the Bracklesham Series. A few yards further, near to the
channel that runs from Earnley, occur the " Turritella-heds " —
clays crowded with Tnrritella imbricataria (Fig. 8). Close to
this spot was found an isolated fruit of the same Nipa that
occurs at West Wittering. The " Turritella-heds " are also to
be found on the east side of the Bill opposite Park Farm.

Fossils of the Bracklesham Beds.

Fig. 7. Pateophis Typhaeus, Owen.

Mg. 8.
Turritella
' 1 1 ' taria, Lanu '

Fig. 9. LitharsBa Websteri, Bow.

Fig. 10. Cardita planicosta, Lam.

Fig. 11. Nipa Burtini, Brongn.
(^ natural size.)

Fig. 12. Nummulites

laevigatus, Brug.
{h natural size.)

8

The next conspicuous fossiliferoUs stratum is the "Palate-
bed" of Dixon, which yields the finest remains of Myliobates,
jEtobates, and Edaphodon, and also numerous vertebrae of the
aquatic serpent Fcdceophis Typhceus (Fig. 7). Then follow loamy
calcareous sands full of the coin-like Nummulites Imvigat-us
(Fig. 12), also well seen at Little Park, half a mile north of
Selsey Coastguard Station. This deposit is of great interest, for
it is almost our sole representative of the massive Nummulitic
limestones which form so conspicuous a feature in deposits of the
same age in the Mediterranean region.

Still following the coast to the south-east, within a quarter of
a mile of Thorney Farm occur sands with the gigantic Cerithium
gigantemn, sometimes reaching a length of two feet. These
deposits can only be examined at extreme low water. Opposite
the farm itself is brownish cl^ with Arc((: duplicata. In front
of Medmerry Farm is the " Beloptera-bed " of Dixon, so called
from the remains of this cuttle-fish contained in it. The deposit
is also full of microscopic foraminifera. Adjoining this is the
" Cyprcea-hed," which yields the Gyprcea Bowerbankii and other
rare shells. Passing Thorney Coastguard Station we reach the
highest Eocene deposits represented in the Selsey Peninsula.
These consist of clays and sandy rock -beds full of foraminifera,
such as Mummidina varioldria, Alveolina sabulosa, &c. The
Mixen Kocks, opposite Selsey, yield the Alveolina-limestone, of
which so much of the village is built. It is no longer quarried,
as the .removal led to a more rapid wasting of the coast. This
limestone is probably 150 feet below the base of the Barton Clay.

The BracMesham Beds, viewed as a whole, are noteworthy for
the variability of the strata, the prolific fauna they jaeld, and the
tropical or subtropical aspect of the species. Abundance of
drift-wood and fruits of Nipa, and seams of flint-pebbles appear
at first sight to point to the close proximity of the land ; but
this appearance is somewhat deceptive, for most of the wood
floated till it became thoroughly worm-eaten, and at last sank
waterlogged ; nuts of Nipa drift far and wide, like cocoanuts ; and
the smooth polished pebbles may be beach-stones transported
by floating sea-weed or trees and dropped into deep water.
Unmistakable evidence of the proximity of land is almost
wanting at Bracklesham; for only one land-mammal and no
land-moUusca have yet been found, and the thin coal-seam and
underclay occurring at White Cliff Bay have not yet been observed
at Selsey. The whole of the evidence suggests the existence of
an estuary, and of marine currents, which transported the drifted
material to this spot. None of the mollusca, except perhaps a
Gyrena, point to brackish-water conditions.

Among the fossils which 'give so tropical an aspect to the
Bracklesham fauna may be mientioned remains of Crocodiles and
Turtles, and of aquatic Serpents, one of which was about twenty
feet in length ; shells of large Volutes, Cowries, Cones, Olives,
Mitres, and of the Nautilus; Corals — none of which, however, are
reef-building forms, though Litharcea Websterii (Fig. 9) growing
on flint-pebbles may often form masses of two or three pounds
weight — and lastly fruits of the Nipa-palm.

'd

Pleistocene.

The Cretaceous and Eocene strata over the whole ot the area
inchided in Sheet 332 have been planed down by the sea to a
nearly uniform level before the more recent deposits now to be
described were laid down. The result of this planing has been
to produce a wide nearly level platform, rising very gently from
Selsey Bill to Chichester, bounded on the north, outside our
district, by an ancient buried and degraded sea-cliff. Whether
the formation of this feature belongs entirely to one period is
doubtful ; but the oldest deposits now preserved upon the plat-
form date back only to the time when the cold of the Glacial
Period had reached its greatest intensity, and the English
Channel was blocked by floating ice.

The Pleistocene deposits found in the area may be grouped
into three series. At the bottom is an Arctic marine deposit
of rough gravel with large far-transported erratics, and a few
sea-shells. Next, though probably laid down after a long interval
not bridged by any records yet discovered, is found a marine clay
full of sea-shells belonging to a depth of 10 or 20 fathoms, and to
a sea somewhat warmer than the present English Channel. Then
follow shoal- water andestuarine carbonaceous muds with estuarine
shells and plant-remains, upon which rests well-rolled beach
shingle. This series of temperate marine strata seems to belong
to an inter-glacial mild period, for upon it is deposited a sheet of
unstratified angular chalky gravel or stony brickearth, which
covers nearly the whole of the district, and points to a recurrence
of Arctic conditions.*

The storm of 1891, by cutting back the cliff and removing the
beach near Medmerry Farm, laid bare a wide foreshore of
Bracklesham Beds. Slightly above mean tide level the junction

Fig. 13. — Diagram-section to show the relation of the erratic blocks to the
floor of Bracklesham Beds.

of the Eocene and the Pleistocene strata was exposed, the surface
of the hard Eocene clays being full of basins or pits from two to
six feet across. Four out of every five of the basins contained
nothing but loose gravel, but each of the others contained an
erratic block, which had not merely been dropped, but showed
signs of having been squeezed into the clay, until its upper
surface was flush with the general level. Drift-ice grounding on
the ancient foreshore dropped its burden of erratics between
tide-marks. Here they were pressed deeper and deeper into the
clay, for the rise and fall of the tide at high water piled ice upon
any projecting rock, while at low water the rock was pressed
down by the weight of the ice till it was flush with the general
surface. Often, however, the still-projecting boulder would be
firmly frozen into a new ice-foot, and would then be gently lifted
out of the hole at the rise of the spring tides. It is thus that I
would account for the occurrence of empty pits, for they seem to

* Reid, " Pleistocene Dejjosits of the Sussex Coast." .... Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc, vol. xlviii., pp. 344-361 (1892).

10

mark the former sites of blocks which may have shifted their
position several times before finally coming? to rest.

The erratic blocks found in these pits belong to various known
localities, from which they could scarcely have been brought
except by the agency of floating ice. We find Bembridge Lime-
stone from the Isle of Wight; Bognor Kock from Bognor
Ledge (one of the blocks showing glacial striae) ; Chalk flints and
Grefensand, probably from the Isle of Wight ; and Palaeozoic sand-
stone, Greenstone, Granite, probably from the Channel Islands.

The next deposit sho^ws, as already remarked, a complete
change of conditions. Near low- water mark opposite Thorney
Coastguard Station the Bracklesham clays are bored by Pholas
crispata, and in the borings and also in some reconstructed clay
a quarter of a mile to the south-east one finds abundance of
marine moUusca, which point to a temperate sea. A few of the
moUusca indeed no longer live in the English Channel, being
now confined to more southern latitudes. Of these perhaps the
most interesting are Pecten polyonorphus and Chiton sicidus,
neither of which now extends north of the Bay of Biscay. The
carbonaceous clays that follow still point to a genial climate, for
among other fossils one meets with a south European maple,
Acer monspesaulanunru. The shingle above yields no fossils. A
section, seen nearly a quarter of a mUe south-east of Thorney Gap,
is shown in Fig. 14, but at this spot the erratic deposit is missing.
Fig. 14. — Section of the cliff and foreshore at Selsey Bill.

(Scale, vertical, 20 Jeet = 1 inch ; iiorizontal, 100 feet = 1 inch.)

Feet.

6. Stony loam, gravelly at base, chalky where unweathered
(^ Coombe Kock) ... ... ... ... ... 6

( Shingle, with occasional fragments of Greensand chert

5, \ Etad other erratics (= Eaised Beach of Brighton 1) ... 4
(. Sand and shingle .. . ... ... ... ... 3

Hidden under recent beach (probably all sand and
shingle as above) ... ... ... ... ... 6

4. Black, stony, estuarine mud, with driftwood, acorns,
Scrohicularia in the jDosition of life, Hydrobia ulvm,
Littorina obtusata, Bissoa parva, Utriculus, Tellina
balthica, Gardium edule ... ... ... ... 2

3. Stony clay with numerous re-deposited erratics (base
of No. 4) ... ... ... ... oj

2. Hard greenish clay, full of derivative Bracklesham
fossils, and with Pleistocene marine moUusca. Chiton
sicidus, Rissoa cimex, &c. Occasional large Chalk flints
and erratic blocks. (This deposit is likely to be con-
founded with the underlying Eocene strata, for it is
mainlj formed of re-deposited Bracklesham material, and
contains more Eocene than Pleistocene fossils) ... 2

1. Bracklesham Beds.

11

Overlapping all the deposits already described, and hiding
most of them except along the coast, comes a wide-spread sheet
of rubble-gravel and loam. This has yielded few if any fossils
within the area now described, though at Chichester and
Brighton teeth of mammoth and horse are not uncommon in it.
Remains of these animals have also been found at Selsey, but
apparently belong there to the estuarine beds below, for at West
Wittering they certainly come from the older stratum. This
" Coombe Rock," as the gravel is locally called, and the accom-
panying brick-earth, appear to point to a recurrence of colder
conditions, and to a period svlaen the Chalk was rendered imper-
vious by freezing, so that any rain falling on the frozen soil
swept down the valleys carrying with it a tumultuous mass of
Chalk and flint detritus.* The detritus as soon as the flatter
land was reached was deposited in fan-shaped deltas extending
for several miles from the mouth of the valley. The sheet
covering the Selsey Peninsula, coarse and gravelly to the north,
loamy to the south, seems in the main to be derived from the
Lavant valley, which debouches on the plain at Chichester.

Drainage Channels.

The existing drainage system is independent of the geological
structure beneath the surface. This independence arises from
the exceptional way in which the whole of the rocks were planed
down to one level by marine action in Pleistocene times, so that
when the land again emerged there were few irregularities and
nothing to direct the streams into definite channels. The
almost imperceptible southern slope of the surface was enough
to give a general southerly trend to the newly-forming valleys,
but the anticlinal and synclinal folding in the rocks below was
entirely without influence. The channels though only a few
feet deep are sufficient now to prevent the drainage from taking
any new course, and if the land were to rise they would continue
to cut into Eocene and Cretaceous strata quite independently of
either dip or strike, just as the streams that diverge from the
central axis of the Weald have done. It may be observed,
however, that the latest movement having been one of depression,
there has been a tendency for the Selsey water-courses to silt
up and become obliterated. If, therefore, the next movement
were to be a depression of ten feet, instead of an elevation, it
might cause the complete silting up of the channels, so that on
a re-elevation an entirely fresh set would have to be cut.

Changes in the Coast.

Few parts of Sussex have suffered so great a change within
the historic period as has occured in the Selsey peninsula.
The seat of tne bishopric was formerly in the town of Selsey,
now entirely destroyed by the sea. The changes are still
going on at so fast a rate as markedly to. alter the coast line,

* See Eeid, " On the Origin of Dry Chalk Valleys and of Coombe Eock."
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xliii., p. 364.

12

even in the short period since the six-inch Ordnance Map was
made. Details of this loss of land will be found in Dixon's
Sussex (2nd edit.), pp. 14-17, 73, 74.

Loss and growth of land are intimately correlated. We find
therefore that the rapid destruction of the coast corresponds
with the piling up of the coarser material in the mass of shingle
which now entirely blocks the entrance to Pagham Harbour,
Sand-dunes accumulating at the mouth of the Arun show also
where another portion of the destroyed land is being deposited.
The finer material is swept out to sea and lost.

Economics and Water Supply.

There is little to be said as to the economic geology of this
area. Though good agricultural land, it is emphatically not a
mineral district. Cement-stones and copperas (iron-pyrites)
were formerly gathered on the shore in small quantities. Marl-
pits were dug m the Coombe Rock or Chalk, and building-stone
from the Bracklesham Beds was quarried on the foreshore off
Selsey, These industries are now entirely abandoned, and a few
brickyards, and sand or gravel pits alone remain.

Water-supply, however, is a matter of growing importance as
the population increases. For a single house sufficient water can
usually be found in the superficial deposits, though the quahty is
indifferent, and the risk of contamination considerable. Where
Chalk lies within a reasonable distance of the surface there is
usually little difficulty in obtaining good water, and both Little-
hampton and Bognor are supplied from this source, as are
various isolated farms. The water from the Eocene strata is
usually poor in quality, and a well bored to 552 feet at Park
Farm, Selsey, obtained no sufficient supply. Another boring,
at Sefter School, reached Chalk at 279 feet, and then penetrated
188 feet into the Chalk without obtaining water.

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96 NB - - ESKDALE, ROSEDAIE, &c. By C. Fox-STEANGWAYS, C. REID, and G. BAEROW. Isr ed.

96 NW, SW - NORTHALLERTON and THIRSK. By C. Fox-SteANGWAYS, A. G. CAMERON, and G. BAEEOW. Is. ed.

97 SW - INGLBBOROUGH. By J. R. DAKYNS, R. H. TiDDBMAN, W. GDHN, and A. STEAHAN. 2«.

97 NW ■ MALLERSTANG. By J. R. DAKYNS, R. H. TiDDEMAN (and others). 3s. ed.

98 SE - BJRKBY LONSDALE and KENDAL. By W. T. AVELINB, T. Mo K. HDGHES, and R. H. Tiddeman. 2s.
98 NB - KENDAL. By W. T. AvELiHE and T. Mo K. Hdqhes. 2nd Ed. by A. Steahan. 2s.

101 SE- - NORTHERN PART of the ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT. ByJ. C. WAKD. 9s. ,

102 SW - - APPLEBY, ULLSWATER, and HAWESWATER. By J. R. DAKYNS, R. H. Tiddeman, and J. G. Goodchild.

Is. ed.

104 SW, SE - NORTH CLEVELAND. By G. BAEEOW. Is. 6d.

■ 108 SB - OTTERBURN and BtSDON. By Hdgh Millee. 2s. 6d.

108 NE - - CHEVIOT HILLS. By C. T. Cloitgh. Is. ed.

108 SW- - PLASHETTSandKIELDEE. By C. T. CLODGH. Is.

110 SW - - WOOLER and COLDSTREAM. By W. GUNN and C. T. CIOUGH. Is. ed.

no NW • NORHAM and TWEBDMOUTH. JBy W. GDNN. 6d.

110 NE - - COAST south of BERWICK-ON-TWEED. By W. GUNN. 9d.

COAL-FIELDS AND OTHER MINERAL DISTRICTS.-Scale, she inches to a mile.

The Coai-flelds and other mineral districts of the N. of England are in part published on a scale of six inches to a mile,
at is. to 6s. each. M.S. Coloured Copies of other six-inch maps, not intended for publication, are deposited for reference iu
the Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London.

MINERAL STATISTICS.

The produce of Coals, Metallic Ores, and other Minerals. By R. Hunt. From 1853 to 1866, inclusive. Is. ed. each.
1868. Part I., Is. 6d. ; Part II^,Ss. 1859, Is. 6d. 1860, 3s. 6(f. 1861, 2s. ; and Appendix, Is. 1862, 2s. 6<i. 1863, 2s. 6(J.
1864, 2s. 1865, 2s. ed. 1866 to 1874, and 1876 to 1880, 2s. each. (These Statistics are now published by the Home Office.)

THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Part I. The North and North Midland Counties of England {Out of prmf). Part II. South Staffordshire. Price Is.
Fart in. South Wales. Price Is. 3d. Part IV. The Shropshire Coal-field and North Staffordshire. Is. M.

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